We find that past stock market variance forecasts excess stock market returns and that its predictive ability is greatly enhanced if the consumption-wealth ratio is also included in the forecasting equation. While the risk-return tradeoff is found negative if we use the latter as the instrumental variable for the conditional moments, the former suggests a positive one. We argue that the consumption-wealth ratio is closely related to the hedge component of excess returns as in Merton’s (1973) intertemporal capital asset pricing model: market risk is indeed positively priced if we control for the hedge component.
https://doi.org/10.20955/wp.2002.001
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